INTRODUCTION

This project focused on the importance of water as an essential resource for life and sustainable development, and the need to ensure access to potable water and adequate sanitation.

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DEVELOPED MODELS In addition to our scale prototype, we have developed two models of water collection from air through dew and moisture condensation, which we detail below.

Air Water Collection Models: Future Bioaqua Prototypes The inspiration for this collection method is stimulated by biomimicry in the dew-collecting properties of plant leaves. Some plants have leaves that are designed to collect water from fog and dew. Some of their leaves include a rough or hairy surface that creates a larger contact area with the dew and a waxy layer that helps retain water on the leaf surface. Scientists have used this knowledge to create artificial materials that can be used in fog and dew water collection technologies, which is an example of biomimicry to develop innovative solutions.

The collection of dew water and water by moisture condensation are similar processes in that both involve capturing water present in the atmosphere. However, there is a difference in how the water condensation occurs.

Collecting dew water involves gathering water that condenses on cold surfaces during the night or early morning hours. This process is based on the temperature difference between the collection surface and the surrounding air. As the surface temperature cools below the dew point, the water in the air condenses on it and accumulates on the surface.

On the other hand, collecting water by moisture condensation involves the use of a device specifically designed to condense water from the air. These devices use coolers to cool the air and cause the water vapor to condense on a collection surface. The condensed water is then collected in a container.

The main difference between collecting dew water and collecting water by moisture condensation is that the former relies on the temperature difference between the collection surface and the surrounding air, while the latter involves cooling the air to make the water vapor condense.

These models allow for water collection in developing regions that lack water sources, or where available sources are not safe.

Despite its critical importance, millions of people worldwide still lack access to clean and safe water. Climate change and the increasing demand for water in human activities, such as agriculture and industry, are putting additional pressure on freshwater resources.

Accessibility to potable water varies based on geographic location, economic development level, and water resource management quality. Lack of access to potable water and adequate sanitation not only affects human health and well-being but also impacts the environment, economy, and society at large. Addressing these challenges and promoting efficient water use is essential to ensure the survival and sustainable development of all species on our planet. Water scarcity is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity today. To frame our reality, let's consider some data:

• In the coming decades, two-thirds of the global population may not have access to potable water.

• The global demand for water is continually increasing and is expected to reach 5,200 km³ by the year 2025.

• According to the FAO, in the last 50 years, the global population has increased by 4 billion people, necessitating sustainable water management and the promotion of water conservation.

• According to United Nations data, about 2.2 billion people worldwide do not have access to safely managed drinking water.

• Approximately 4.2 billion people globally do not have access to adequate sanitation facilities.

• 263 million people globally travel more than 30 minutes to collect water that meets their basic needs.

• United Nations data indicates that 1 in 3 people worldwide does not have access to potable water and must rely on unsafe or unreliable water sources, such as contaminated rivers or untreated wells, which can lead to serious illnesses.

Ensuring access to potable water and adequate sanitation is crucial due to its social, human health, environmental, and political implications. Climate change is exacerbating the situation by affecting the availability of water for human consumption and increasing water stress. Water-related disasters are on the rise, and lack of access to potable water results in premature deaths.

Access to potable water is a fundamental human right, but contaminated water resources can have significant impacts on human health, flora and fauna, and the economy. Exposure to contaminated water can cause a range of diseases and problems, as well as long-term effects on human health. Flora and fauna can also be negatively affected, and water pollution can reduce the quality of crops and yields.

Proper water resource management and the implementation of effective measures to prevent its pollution are necessary to protect its quality and ensure access for all users. This may include strict laws and regulations, sustainable agricultural practices, and investment in infrastructure for the treatment and distribution of potable water.

To ensure the sustainability of this vital resource and secure access to clean and safe water for all, challenges must be addressed through concrete, coordinated global measures. Additionally, exploring natural alternatives for water collection and filtration, and acting responsibly and proactively to ensure equitable and sustainable access to water, is essential.

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OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE OF THIS PROJECT

The project aimed to address the scarcity of freshwater and the issues of access and basic sanitation faced by millions of people worldwide. Our approach was based on promoting a sustainable water management model that allows for the conservation and regeneration of this vital resource through the implementation of nature-inspired technologies. The main objective was to improve the quality of life and reduce poverty in populations facing problems related to lack of water access, through responsible and efficient water use practices and promoting a culture of awareness and care for water resources.

A model was presented that involves the collection of water from natural sources: rainwater, dew, and moisture condensation, which is then filtered through sedimentation, activated carbon, ultraviolet filtration systems with ionization, and reverse osmosis, according to requirements and demands.

We based our proposal on biomimicry. Biomimetics or biomimicry is a science that studies nature as a source of inspiration to create sustainable technological and design solutions. It is based on emulating the patterns and strategies that nature has developed to solve problems and adapt to the environment.

Our goal was to offer sustainable solutions for access to clean and safe water in disadvantaged areas through the installation and development of water collection and filtration systems inspired by biomimicry. This will not only help with human consumption but also agriculture and sanitation, contributing to the conservation of water resources and the protection of the environment. We aspire to work in collaboration with local communities, organizations, and governments to achieve a more sustainable and fair future regarding water access.

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DEVELOPMENT

Have you ever wondered:

• How do animals and plants survive in the world's most arid environments?

• How can a camel store water for long periods in its body?

• And how some plants are capable of collecting and retaining rainwater?

Nature offers us innovative solutions to complex problems like access to potable water, and biomimicry is the key to harnessing these solutions.

Through the study of efficient natural water collection and filtration systems, we can design more effective and economical solutions to face one of the greatest challenges currently facing humanity. Join us on this journey to discover how nature can be our best ally in the search for a sustainable solution to the problem of water access.

The collection of rainwater and dew is a sustainable technique that has been used for centuries by many cultures around the world. Water filtration is an important step to ensure that the water is safe for use. Filtration systems can range from natural systems using activated carbon and sand to more advanced systems using reverse osmosis and ultraviolet light.

These collection systems relate to biomimicry by mimicking natural organisms' strategies to collect and store water in environments where the resource is scarce.

Natural filtration with gravel, sand, and activated carbon is a process where impurities are removed from water as it passes through different layers of filter materials. In nature, many organisms use similar filtration processes to purify water. For example, rivers and streams are naturally filtered by rocks and sediments, and some plants have roots that act as natural filters for water. Thus, this natural filtration with gravel, sand, and activated carbon is a form of biomimicry, as it mimics natural processes to purify water. Additionally, current filtration technology is also being improved using biomimicry techniques to mimic the filtration processes of organisms in nature and achieve greater efficiency in water purification.

Filtration by reverse osmosis and UV are influenced by biomimicry by studying natural processes and finding more efficient and sustainable ways to purify water.

In conclusion, biomimicry presents itself as an innovative solution to address the challenges we face in accessing potable water. By studying and learning from nature, we can design more efficient and sustainable solutions for collecting and filtering water, thus ensuring a supply of potable water for all the planet's inhabitants.

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PROTOTYPE AND DEVELOPED MODELS

Our idea sought to be affordable for populations that do not have access to potable water in Argentina due to economic limitations. We aim to help meet this basic need to improve their livelihoods.

Our models are accessible, economical, easy to implement, and can be funded by governmental or private institutions. Simple materials were used, and we seek to spread the knowledge gained in educational institutions for replication in local communities.

We created a biomimetic system for capturing and filtering water inspired by nature, designed to meet the basic needs of populations that lack water resources. This biomimetic system consists of individual models that can be used independently or combined, adapting to the needs and material availability of different urban, suburban, and rural areas.

Lightweight and waterproof materials were used to design a prototype for collecting rainwater with natural filtration and hydroponic cultivation for contaminated soils. Models were also designed for collecting water from the air and advanced filtration, such as UV filtration, ionization, and reverse osmosis, which can be applied to collect contaminated water.

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Hydrobuddy: Rainwater Collection Prototype with Activated Carbon Sedimentation Filtration and Vegetable Hydroponic Cultivation

The Hydrobuddy project, a prototype designed to address global challenges related to access to potable water, was presented and certified as part of the "AFS Global You Changemaker" program at the University of Pennsylvania. This program focuses on identifying innovative, sustainable, and cost-effective solutions to tackle problems affecting various communities around the world. Additionally, the project includes a section with the option to grow plants hydroponically, which accelerates plant growth and enables the cultivation of vegetables in areas where it was previously impossible due to soil contamination caused by polluted water sources. With its community-focused approach, Hydrobuddy has the potential to positively transform the lives of many people around the world.

Hydrobuddy uses rainwater as its supply source, which undergoes a filtration process where large particles are first filtered out, followed by natural filtration. This prototype not only filters the water but also allows for its storage for later use. In this process, after all types of sediment have been filtered, the water is stored in a container, which is considered sanitation water, as it can be used for cleaning, irrigation (in our case, it is used for the supply of hydroponic crops), or even for toilet flushing. Then, it goes through a natural filtration process to be stored in a second tank. The obtained water is potable, suitable for human consumption. To allow storage in large quantities, both the container holding sanitation water and the one holding potable water have side tubes designed to add more containers to prevent overflow and ensure their preservation.

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Why Did We Choose Hydroponic Cultivation?

 

 

Beyond the initial purpose of addressing soil contamination, there are multiple reasons that support the convenience of using this technique. Firstly, plants grown hydroponically are in constant contact with water and the nutrients added to it, contributing to rapid growth, often much faster than in traditional cultivation. Furthermore, the amount of water used is less since it is in constant circulation, efficiently consuming water and minimizing its use. Additionally, the use of pesticides is not necessary. Unlike soil cultivation, where plants are in contact with various microorganisms and insects, this method allows control over the environment in which the vegetables are grown, eliminating the appearance of pests without the need to add often expensive chemical repellents. Another advantage of hydroponics in Hydrobuddy is that it reduces the space needed for cultivation.

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Firstly, the space required for installing the crops is reduced, as the plants are placed in PVC tubes that store the filtered water and the nutrients necessary for their development. The proximity of the plants to each other, due to the constant presence of water, promotes greater vegetable production. Moreover, hydroponic cultivation can prevent soil degradation caused by excessive cultivation and the use of chemicals, as the Hydrobuddy system only requires water, nutrients, and a container to store the water and grow the plants. Therefore, it can be a viable solution for cultivation in areas where soils are degraded or unsuitable for traditional agriculture.

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Natural Filtration: Utility and Development: This consists of a natural filtration system with sand, gravel, activated carbon, and cotton, constituting a technique used to naturally and effectively purify water. It involves a series of layers of different materials that retain particles, eliminate impurities, sediments, and chemical substances, and thus purify the water.

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We employ this in the prototype because it is useful in purifying natural sources such as rivers, lakes, streams, as well as in collecting rainwater and dew.

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The process is carried out in four stages:

Pre-filtration: A mesh is used to eliminate the entry of large particles such as branches, insects, leaves, and any other residue.

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Filtration with gravel and sand: Water flows through a layer of gravel and sand. These serve as mechanical filters and remove smaller particles and sediments.

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Filtration with activated carbon: The water continues its path through a layer of activated carbon, which removes chemicals and organic compounds. Activated carbon is a porous and highly absorbent material that traps impurities such as pesticides, herbicides, chlorine, heavy metals, and other contaminants.

Filtration with cotton: Finally, the water runs through a layer of cotton, which serves as the final filter to remove any remaining residue or particles.

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This natural filtration system with sand, gravel, activated carbon, and cotton is a more sustainable and economical option than conventional water purification systems. These often use chemicals and energy to purify water, which can be costly and potentially harmful to the environment. In contrast, the natural filtration system uses natural materials and does not require the use of additional energy or expensive chemicals. Therefore, this alternative can be more environmentally friendly and economically viable for populations with limited resources.

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Requirements for Hydrobuddy: Two polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containers with a capacity of 20 liters each were used for the collection and storage of water. A natural filtration system was placed between both containers, and the first container was protected by a metal mesh one meter in diameter. The four taps used are made of PVC. One of these taps is connected to a hydroponic cultivation system constructed from wood that houses eight plants distributed over two levels.

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Requirements: The amount of natural filtration material required to filter 20 liters of water will depend on the type and size of the container used for filtration and the number of layers of natural filtration material used.

It is recommended to use the following amounts of material per layer:

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• Gravel: at least 2 cm thick. Equivalent to 1 kilogram.

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• Sand: at least 2 cm thick. Equivalent to 1 kilogram.

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• Activated carbon: at least 1 cm thick. Equivalent to 500 grams.

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• Cotton: at least 2-3 layers of cotton, equivalent to about 200 grams.

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Advantages of Hydrobuddy:

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The water obtained through this prototype can be of sufficient quality to supply potable water to a community of several hundred inhabitants in areas where the water resource is insufficient or can only be obtained through tanker trucks, which makes it very costly.

 

The system is easy to install and maintain, and it does not require energy to operate, meaning the operating cost is practically nil.

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Disadvantages of Hydrobuddy:

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This system can only work under certain specific conditions. If there is a drought, the system will not be able to collect water, and therefore, there will be no water production. However, it can be complemented with another water collection system to ensure water availability at all times.

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To prevent this, the system allows for the storage of water with additional storage tanks.

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DEVELOPED MODELS

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In addition to our scale prototype, we have developed two models of water collection from air through dew and moisture condensation, detailed below.

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Air Water Collection Models:

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Future Bioaqua Prototypes The inspiration for this collection method is stimulated by biomimicry in the dew-collecting properties of plant leaves. Some plants have leaves designed to collect water from fog and dew. Some of their leaves include a rough or hairy surface that creates a larger area of contact with the dew and a waxy layer that helps retain water on the leaf surface. Scientists have used this knowledge to create artificial materials that can be used in fog and dew water collection technologies, which is an example of biomimicry to develop innovative solutions.

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The collection of dew water and water by moisture condensation are similar processes in that both involve capturing water present in the atmosphere. However, there is a difference in how the water condensation occurs.

Collecting dew water involves gathering water that condenses on cold surfaces during the night or early morning hours. This process is based on the temperature difference between the collection surface and the surrounding air. As the surface temperature cools below the dew point, the water in the air condenses on it and accumulates on the surface.

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On the other hand, collecting water by moisture condensation involves the use of a device specifically designed to condense water from the air. These devices use coolers to cool the air and cause the water vapor to condense on a collection surface. The condensed water is then collected in a container.

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The main difference between collecting dew water and collecting water by moisture condensation is that the former relies on the temperature difference between the collection surface and the surrounding air, while the latter involves cooling the air to make the water vapor condense.

These models enable the collection of water for developing regions that lack water sources, or where existing sources are not safe.

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The Dew Water Collection Model:

 

The conception and design of this device have been considered for application in both urban and rural environments, utilizing its compact platform for supplementary purposes beneath the collectors. If not needed, the structure can be easily dismantled and stored for later use.

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The dew collection technique can be employed in regions where water supply is scarce or limited with the purpose of obtaining water. This technique involves placing collection surfaces, such as meshes or sheets, in areas where dew is frequent, in order to collect water droplets. We are aware that the amount of water collected can be limited and is conditioned by climatic factors such as relative humidity, ambient temperature, wind speed, and the used collection surface. Therefore, a detailed analysis of these variables is necessary to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of the technique in each region.

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This system is ideal for implementation in areas of population growth with the purpose of providing water to residents. Each collection unit, approximately 30 square meters in size, has the capacity to extract at least 150 liters of water per day from the environment. The volume of water obtained will be determined by the number of collectors used and can be increased accordingly. For example, a network of approximately 4 square meters has the capacity to trap about 20 liters of water daily, which amounts to 600 liters monthly and 7,200 liters annually.

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Requirements:

Different types of meshes can be used for collection:

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• Stainless Steel Meshes: Fine weave structure for desert areas. They resist corrosion with an extensive lifespan and are suitable for extreme climates.

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• Shade Meshes: Made of high-density polyethylene and widely used in the agricultural industry to protect plants from extreme weather. They are ideal for dew collection since their small water droplets adhere to the mesh surface for later collection.

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• Polyester Meshes: These are highly durable. They collect water due to their great retention capacity and are weather-resistant, also ideal for extreme climates.

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The selection of the appropriate mesh will depend on the context of application and the environmental conditions in which it will be used.

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The cost of acquiring a mesh for dew water collection can vary based on the material, quality, and size of the mesh. Generally, shade meshes made of polyethylene are a cost-effective option for dew water collection.

The price of a polyethylene shade mesh can range from $450 to $1350 per square meter, depending on the quality and size of the mesh.

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Elements to use for the dew water collection model:

• Collection Surface: Shade mesh that can capture and collect dew water.

• Pipes: Channels to direct the collected water to the storage area.

• Storage Tank: Container where the collected water is stored. It can be plastic with sufficient capacity to store the expected amount of water.

• Metal Mesh: Protects the tank from the insertion of impurities.

• Filtration System: To remove any impurities or contaminants from the collected water before its use.

• Pump and Distribution System: To transport the water from the storage tank to the points of use, such as taps or irrigation systems.

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Costs and materials:*

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• Polyethylene mesh for 30 square meters: $13,500

• Piping and tubing: Generally, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) pipes are an economical and popular choice for directing collected water to the storage location. The cost of a 20 mm diameter, 4 m long PVC pipe can range from $450 to $900. Total for 3 pipes: $2,700

• Storage Tank: Can vary depending on the brand, quality, and material. Approximately a PVC collection drum with a capacity of 150 liters is valued at $4,500.

• Metal mesh of 1 m diameter: $1,500.

• Manual siphon pump for collecting water from plastic: $14,900

• Distribution system with taps and irrigation: Estimated with four tap valves, and their corresponding pipes: 4 taps $270 each, total $1,080, 4 pipes $450 each, Total: $1,800

 

Total value of the model for dew water collection: $39,980

• Costs taken as of May 2023, in Argentine pesos.

 

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Water Collection by Moisture Condensation:

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This primarily involves taking advantage of the condensation of environmental humidity.

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The process is based on capturing water present in the air through the condensation of environmental humidity. To do this, it is necessary to understand the processes of condensation, dew, and precipitation. Condensation occurs when water particles in the air become too heavy to stay suspended and fall to the surface. At that point, it is referred to as precipitation. The dew point is when the relative atmospheric humidity reaches 100% and the temperature decreases, causing the water to condense. This process can be leveraged to collect water, and it is important to consider environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity to maximize the efficiency of the method.

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The analysis of the following factors will be considered: type of climate (sunny, partly sunny, cloudy, very cloudy, and cold), maximum and minimum temperature, atmospheric pressure, calculation of the dew point in degrees Celsius, relative humidity, wind speed, and measurement of the amount of water collected in milliliters. Quality materials and cost-effective solutions will be employed to address water scarcity in areas lacking this natural resource and the inability to acquire economical water sources.

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The model operates based on physical processes in the following manner:

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Hot, humid air enters the collection medium.

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Through a thermally insulated PVC tube, the air is cooled and condensation occurs. By burying the tube at a depth of about 2 meters, a temperature reduction of around 8 degrees Celsius is achieved, favoring the condensation of water.

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Subsequently, the water is stored in a tank and can be extracted using a pump.

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This model uses copper or aluminum in its construction. Copper has a low specific heat. In the system, copper is located inside two plastic tubes, and a thermal insulator is used between them to prevent heat loss. A copper or aluminum funnel, which, when in contact with hot, humid air, causes water to condense on its cold surface, is used. Hot, humid air contains more moisture than air found in a desert, and when this air comes into contact with a cold surface, condensation occurs. The funnel should be in the direction of the wind or it is necessary to inject air to improve the water collection process.

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Requirements:

• Copper funnel: diameter no greater than 30 cm, to effectively collect water. The funnel's diameter should not be too large, as this could reduce air speed and decrease the rate of condensation.

• PVC tubes: for the humidity in the air to begin condensing.

• Copper sheets to cover the tubes.

• Additional thermal insulation: to regulate temperatures and increase the efficiency of the water collection system by condensation.

• Water storage tank: to store the collected water and ensure its availability during shortages. The amount of water that can be collected per day using a condensation water collection system depends on various factors, such as relative humidity, ambient temperature, and the size of the copper funnel. Under ideal conditions, approximately 20 liters of water can be collected per day with a single collector. However, the actual amount of water collected can vary depending on the climatic conditions and the specific design and size of the dew water collection system.

• Water pump: if it is desired to pump the collected water to a distribution or treatment system.

• Water filter: to remove impurities and ensure the quality of the collected water.

• Shut-off valve: to stop the flow of water in case of emergency or maintenance.

• The selection of materials and elements will depend on the needs and resources available, as well as the climatic and environmental conditions of the area where the system will be installed.

 

Costs*:

• Funnel with a 30 cm diameter covered with copper sheets: Total $3,057

• Copper sheet 50mm x 1000mm: $1,257

• Funnel: $1,800

• Thermal insulators for 2 meters: $995

• 6 meters of PVC tubes with a 400 mm diameter: $2,337

• Copper sheets to cover the tubes on the surface 50 mm x 1000 mm: $1,257

• 90-degree PVC elbow: $541

• 20-liter water tank: $1,200

• Small plastic siphon pump for water collection: $3,000

• Filter: specified in previous models.

Total cost: $12,387

Costs taken as of May 2023, in Argentine pesos.

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This method is cost-effective and can be used by low-income families to obtain water.

In conclusion, both in the system of water obtained by dew and by moisture condensation, the obtained water can be used directly for hygiene and domestic uses: washing, baths, toilets, washing machines, for cooking and can certainly be used for irrigation.

Although the water in question may not initially be suitable for human consumption, with the Hydrobuddy purification method, it can be made potable.

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WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES

We have worked so far on presenting different technologies for collecting water and their potential integration with systems that can convert non-potable water into potable water. In this context, both the Hydrobuddy prototype and the Bioaqua models have been developed.

One of the approaches focuses on the rainwater collection prototype, which allows for the simple and economical acquisition of water. Additionally, a sedimentation filter with activated carbon has been designed, whose material (carbon) is perfectly suited for use with other filtration and purification techniques.

Another technology considered in our work is the UV filtration system, which uses ultraviolet light to eliminate bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms. The use of reverse osmosis has also been evaluated, a process that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove impurities and contaminants from water.

In summary, we analyze and design models that feature different technologies that enable the transformation of non-potable water into potable water, and their potential integration with water collection technologies to achieve a sustainable and accessible solution to the scarcity of potable water in different regions of the world.

 

Activated Carbon

Activated carbon is a material that has small holes called "pores" on its surface, which are very tiny and can trap organic substances present in the water. Additionally, this material is capable of breaking down free chlorine present in the water and can also slowly decompose chloramines. In summary, activated carbon is a material that can clean water from organic substances and chlorine present in it.

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Activated Carbon

Activated carbon is a material with a large surface area that enables the absorption of organic compounds in water through various forces. It is commonly used alongside other technologies in the water purification process and should be considered in the design of water collection products. One of the main advantages of activated carbon is its ability to remove chlorine and chloramine during the pretreatment process. It is also effective in filtering heavy materials from water. During the filtration process, contaminants are absorbed onto its surface, helping to purify the water and remove impurities. However, its effectiveness in removing heavy materials depends on several factors, such as the concentration and type of contaminant, the amount of activated carbon used, the contact time with the water, and the water flow rate through the filter medium.

 

The large surface area of activated carbon means that organic compounds are adsorbed onto the surface through ionic, polar, and Van der Waals forces.

 

Cost of Activated Carbon: 1 kg for $1500.

 

Water Decontamination

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Ensuring the availability of potable water globally and preventing health issues and contamination of natural resources is crucial. Strategies include both preventing water pollution and decontaminating it through physical, chemical, and biological processes.

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Pollution causes lack of access to this resource and the inability to have fertile lands for cultivation, which would be harmful without appropriate decontamination processes. The focus is on purifying contaminated water to make it usable in various applications. Various techniques, such as decontamination using aquatic plants and bacteria, have been developed to achieve this goal.

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There are several water filtration options to make it potable that can be economically viable for a population with a source of water contaminated with industrial waste. Some options are:

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1. Activated Carbon Filtration System: An economical method, already explained in this work.

2. Gravel and Sand Filtration System: An economical method, already explained in this work.

3. Reverse Osmosis Membrane Filtration System: Uses a semi-permeable membrane to filter water and remove contaminants. This system can be costly to install but may be cost-effective in the long term due to low maintenance costs.

4. Ultraviolet Light Filtration System: Deactivates microorganisms by altering their DNA, preventing their reproduction. Low-pressure mercury lamps are used in laboratory water purification systems for this purpose.

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Determining the impurities in the water will allow us to establish the most suitable method for its filtration and ensure its potability.

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Water Impurities:

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1. Inorganic Compounds (can be treated by reverse osmosis): The main impurities in water are inorganic compounds, such as salts, carbon dioxide, silicates, chlorides, among others. Inorganic compounds are those that do not contain carbon atoms, although some do. These compounds are often simple, like sodium chloride (table salt).

2. Organic Compounds (can be treated by reverse osmosis): Organic impurities in water typically come from the decomposition of plant materials, producing humic and fulvic acids, tannins, and lignin. In addition, contaminants produced by human activity can increase the amount of organic compounds in the water, which can promote the growth of microorganisms and affect various biological applications.

3. Microorganisms and Bacteria (can be treated by reverse osynthesis and UV system): Bacteria are the predominant microorganism in natural water contamination. Although chlorination is effective in removing harmful bacteria, potable water still contains living microorganisms. Bacteria control in potable water is carried out using disinfectants such as chlorine, but once removed during water purification, bacteria can regrow.

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Ultraviolet Filtration System Model

 

Ultraviolet radiation is used to purify water. It can alter the DNA and enzymes responsible for producing RNA at low doses, and it can also break down large organic molecules into smaller components that are removed from the water. To effectively accomplish this, organic ions are first removed using ion-exchange resins. Additionally, ultraviolet light is also used to eliminate chlorine and chloramine from water in a process called photolysis.

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Ultraviolet water treatment is used to remove organic contaminants and microorganisms. UV light alters organic impurities and converts them into charged molecules that can be removed through ion exchange. The UV lamp is used in conjunction with an ion exchange process to maintain water quality. This method can produce water with very low levels of organic carbon and bacteria.

A filtration system based on ultraviolet light can be a cost-effective option because it does not require the use of chemicals and has a long lifespan with little maintenance. However, the initial installation can be expensive and it is not the best option for treating certain contaminants such as excessive sediments.

It eliminates bacteria, viruses, and coliforms (does not degrade heavy materials), but activated carbon does degrade heavy materials or an ionization chamber.

The price of a UV water filtration system in Argentina can vary depending on the model, brand, and capacity of the system. In general, UV filtration systems can be found ranging from about $10,000 to $100,000 or more. However, it is important to consider that the price should not be the only factor to consider when selecting a filtration system, but also the quality and effectiveness of the system in removing water contaminants.

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Ionization Chamber:

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Removes heavy metals and carcinogenic chemicals: lead, mercury. Chlorine, iron, cyanide, magnesium, chromium, and calcium. Along with ultraviolet filtration, we obtain water free of viruses, bacteria, algae, etc.

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Operation:

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It uses electrolysis technology to separate minerals and impurities from water. A device equipped with a titanium plate and a copper or silver anode is electrically charged to attract negative and positive ions and form molecules of pure water while separating impurities into a sedimentation chamber. The resulting water is known as ionized water, with a high mineral content and a pleasant taste. However, this system can be expensive and require regular maintenance, and it may not remove certain chemical contaminants from the water.

 

The cost in Argentina varies.

Filtering 100,000 liters requires a kit costing 80,000 pesos.

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Filtration Model with Reverse Osmosis System

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This method is cost-effective and highly effective for purifying water. The process involves circulating water through a membrane under pressure in a cross-flow, which removes up to 99% of impurities.

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Operation:

During reverse osmosis, water is forced through a membrane under pressure, separating contaminants and dissolved solids from the water. Most of the water passes through the membrane as permeate, and the remainder becomes a concentrate containing the contaminants. The membranes are thin and usually made of polyamide. They are pH resistant. The membranes are used to remove contaminants and retain substances smaller than 1 nm in size.

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Reverse Osmosis Filtration System

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It consists of various components that work together to remove a wide range of contaminants from water. Pre-filters are the first components in the reverse osmosis process and are used to remove large particles and organic matter before the water enters the purification process.

A pressure pump is necessary to force the water through the semipermeable membrane in the next step of the process. The semipermeable membrane is the most important part of the reverse osmosis system, as it separates the pure water from the contaminants. During this process, water moves through the membrane from the side with a higher solute concentration to the side with a lower solute concentration, creating a flow of pure water or permeate that is separated from the contaminants in the concentrate.

Finally, post-filters are used to enhance water quality and remove any residual taste or odor that may remain after the reverse osmosis process. This system is very effective at removing a wide variety of water contaminants, including salts, heavy metals, organic and inorganic chemicals, and some types of bacteria and viruses.

It should go through a chlorine filtration such as the activated carbon system.

The system requires regular maintenance, including replacing filters and semipermeable membranes. Additionally, the reverse osmosis process can be slow, which means it may not be the best option for water systems that require large volumes of filtered water quickly.

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The model we have designed and presented consists of a system for collecting contaminated water that is stored in a container previously filtered through a metal mesh to remove large impurities. The water then flows through a reverse osmosis membrane filter to a second tank where UV filtration and ionization take place. In this tank, there is a tap to extract water for sanitation or to attach a tank for storage and later use. Additionally, the tank has an outlet to an activated carbon filter to ensure complete potabilization and consumption. It is important to note that although this system is effective in ensuring a supply of potable water, its implementation can be costly for low-resource communities. However, it is financially viable for industries, educational organizations, and governments that can collaborate in subsidizing and assisting these urbanizations lacking this vital resource.

Therefore, to ensure that our work and purpose do not remain a utopia, we propose basic ideas and alternatives for awareness and community participation as a whole to proactively address this problem that affects millions of people.

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Water Awareness Proposals for Life Measures are proposed to raise awareness about the importance of potable water, promote its responsible use, and prevent water pollution in educational institutions, private sectors, and businesses.

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Measures for the population:

1. Implementation of mandatory education on water resources and their natural obtaining methods in the school curriculum.

2. Conduct workshops and educational talks in communities to teach them about the importance of water, scarcity issues, and the need to implement water collection systems.

3. Create educational manuals and teaching materials that explain in a simple and visual way how to build and maintain rainwater and dew collection systems, as well as the water filtration and purification process.

4. Encourage active community participation in building water collection systems, promoting collaboration among neighbors and organizing brigades for the construction of filtration systems.

5. Conduct awareness campaigns on social networks, media, and public places to sensitize the population about the importance of rational water use and the exploitation of natural resources such as rain and air water.

6. Encourage local governments and organizations to create public policies that promote the implementation of rainwater and dew collection systems in homes, schools, and other community spaces.

7. Conduct practical activities in schools, such as building water collection systems and school hydroponic gardens, so that children learn about the value of water and how it can be used sustainably.

8. Organize fairs and exhibitions of water collection technologies and systems, where the population can learn about the different options for collecting and filtering water.

Encourage industries to help their neighboring population with the obtaining of natural water and its filtration:

1. Conduct an assessment of water availability in nearby communities and determine if help is required for access to clean and potable water.

2. Establish partnerships with local organizations dedicated to water management, sustainability, and community development to ensure the viability and success of the project.

3. Involve industry employees in volunteer initiatives to install water collection systems in nearby communities and train residents for their maintenance and care.

4. Consider implementing rainwater or dew collection systems in industry buildings and green areas to reduce their own dependence on municipal water supply.

5. It is essential that governments promote public policies to encourage corporate social responsibility and collaboration with communities to ensure access to potable water. This can be achieved through tax incentives, corporate social responsibility programs, and stricter environmental regulations.

In conclusion, the industry can significantly contribute to access to clean and potable water in neighboring communities through the implementation of sustainable initiatives committed to conservation and community development.

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Conclusion

Water is a vital and indispensable resource for life and subsistence on our planet, and its sustainable use and responsible care are essential to ensure the survival of all forms of life on Earth. Moreover, it is our duty and solidarity responsibility to ensure that all people have access to potable water, regardless of their geographical location. The lack of potable water, climate change, and pollution are critical and urgent problems that require our immediate attention and action. Together we can take concrete steps to protect and preserve this vital resource for present and future generations. Let's take care of the water, let's take care of life!

 

Contribution to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Our project aligns with multiple SDGs proposed in 2015 by the UN to be achieved globally by 2030.

These include:

• Goal 2 Zero Hunger: Hydrobuddy provides access to fresh vegetables to communities without access to green foods.

• Goal 6 Clean Water and Sanitation: We offer potable water suitable for human consumption and cleaning.

• Goal 9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: We promote an inclusive structure to assist people who lack vital resources without harming the environment.

• Goal 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities: We use sustainable and inclusive ways to solve a problem affecting communities, promoting sustainable practices.

• Goal 12 Responsible Consumption and Production: We promote awareness of the water access issue and its responsible use, such as minimizing its consumption through hydroponics.

• Goal 13 Climate Action: We promote immediate action to help communities without access to water due to pollution or other factors.

• Goal 14 Life Below Water: We promote the protection of seas, oceans, and marine life, using environmentally friendly alternatives.

• Goal 15 Life on Land: Hydrobuddy prevents the exploitation of terrestrial resources by implementing a hydroponic system.